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Tectonique Des Plaques Et Formation Des Montagnes Pdf Download

Quinze,,,,plaques,,,,majeures,,,,ont,,,,t,,,,identifies,,,,,,,,la,,,,surface,,,,de,,,,la,,,,Terre,,,,,auxquelles,,,,sont,,,,associes,,,,un,,,,nombre,,,,plus,,,,important,,,,de,,,,plaques,,,,mineures.,,,,,,,partir,,,de,,,1967,,,,les,,,expditions,,,Haroun,,,Tazieff,,,en,,,Afar,,,(thiopie),,,apportent,,,la,,,dmonstration,,,de,,,l'origine,,,ocanique,,,des,,,systmes,,,volcaniques,,,axiaux,,,actifs,,,de,,,la,,,rgion.,,,C'est,,le,,cas,,notamment,,de,,la,,chane,,de,,l'Himalaya,,,,,la,,frontire,,entre,,la,,plaque,,indienne,,et,,la,,plaque,,eurasiatique;,,cette,,rencontre,,s'est,,produite,,il,,y,,a,,65,,millions,,d'annes,,,,la,,faveur,,de,,la,,migration,,du,,continent,,indien.,,ree.frCours,,,integralxon,,,a,,,alors,,,dans,,,la,,,zone,,,d'affrontement,,,des,,,continents,,,formation,,,de,,,chaines,,,de,,,montagne,,,parfois,,,,un,,,petit,,,morceau,,,de,,,lithosphere,,,oceanique,,,ne,,,disparait,,,pas,,,On,,,a,,,alors,,,dans,,,la,,,zone,,,d'affrontement,,,des,,,continents,,,formation,,,de,,,chanes,,,de,,,montagne,,,Parfois,,,,un,,,petit,,,morceau,,,de,,,lithosphre,,,ocanique,,,ne,,,disparat,,,pas,,,colleges,,,ac-rouen,,,fr,,,courbet,,,spipuser,,,cours,,,integralx,,,pdf.,,,Au,,,niveau,,,du,,,manteau,,,terrestre,,,,la,,,majeure,,,partie,,,du,,,flux,,,de,,,chaleur,,,est,,,vacue,,,par,,,la,,,mise,,,en,,,mouvement,,,des,,,roches.,,,Matthews,,,,Magnetic,,,Anomalies,,,over,,,Oceanic,,,Ridges,,,,Nature,,,,vol.199,,,,no4897,,,,1963,,,,p.947-949,,,(DOI10.1038/199947a0),,,,,,(en),,,Wilson,,,,J.,,,La,,Terre,,possde,,une,,chaleur,,importante,,du,,fait,,de,,la,,radioactivit,,(dsintgration,,du,,potassium,,,de,,l'uranium,,et,,du,,thorium),,et,,de,,la,,chaleur,,d'accrtion,,initiale.,,Ce,,,,modle,,,,thorique,,,,a,,,,t,,,,constitu,,,,,,,,partir,,,,du,,,,concept,,,,de,,,,drive,,,,des,,,,continents,,,,,qui,,,,fut,,,,dvelopp,,,,par,,,,Alfred,,,,Wegener,,,,au,,,,dbut,,,,du,,,,XXesicle.,,,,Zones,,de,,divergence[modifier,,,,modifier,,le,,code].,,,,la,,fin,,du,,XIXesicle,,,Eduard,,Suess,,remplace,,l'hypothse,,des,,soulvements,,par,,celle,,des,,affaissements:,,adepte,,de,,la,,thorie,,de,,la,,contraction,,de,,la,,Terre[n,,1],,,il,,propose,,que,,les,,montagnes,,rsultent,,de,,plissements,,tandis,,que,,les,,ocans,,proviennent,,de,,l'effondrement,,des,,ponts,,terrestres.,,

Le,,,,mouvement,,,,de,,,,ces,,,,plaques,,,,est,,,,possible,,,,du,,,,fait,,,,que,,,,la,,,,lithosphre,,,,,rigide,,,,,flotte,,,,sur,,,,l'asthnosphre,,,,sous-jacente,,,,,partie,,,,ductile,,,,du,,,,manteau,,,,suprieur.,,,,Vine,,&,,D.,,Les,,,,zones,,,,de,,,,divergence,,,,sont,,,,donc,,,,ncessairement,,,,accompagnes,,,,de,,,,zones,,,,de,,,,convergence.,,,,Drive,,,des,,,continents[modifier,,,,,,modifier,,,le,,,code].,,,J.,,,,Rises,,,,trenches,,,,great,,,faults,,,,and,,,crustal,,,blocks,,,,Journal,,,of,,,Geophysical,,,Research,,,,vol.73,,,,1968,,,,,,(en),,,X.,,,Les,,,plaques,,,tectoniques,,,sont,,,constitues,,,d'une,,,lithosphre,,,ocanique,,,et/ou,,,continentale,,,,caractrise,,,par,,,les,,,crotes,,,des,,,mmes,,,noms,,,respectifs,,,,sous,,,lesquelles,,,se,,,trouve,,,la,,,zone,,,rigide,,,du,,,manteau,,,suprieur.,,,Les,,zones,,de,,convergence,,sont,,la,,principale,,source,,d'orogense.,,Cette,,,dislocation,,,aboutit,,,,,,une,,,recomposition,,,des,,,continents,,,puisque,,,,par,,,exemple,,,,l'Inde,,,fusionne,,,avec,,,l'Eurasie,,,,suivie,,,par,,,l'Afrique,,,et,,,la,,,Nouvelle-Guine.,,,Whattam,,,Plate,,tectonics,,on,,the,,Earth,,triggered,,by,,plume-induced,,subduction,,initiation,,,Nature,,,no527,,,12,,novembre,,2015,,,p.221225,,(DOI10.1038/nature15752),,,,(en),,Kerri,,Smith,,,Supercontinent,,Amasia,,to,,take,,North,,Pole,,position,,,Nature,,,8,,fvrier,,2012,,(DOI10.1038/nature.2012.9996),,.,,La,,drive,,des,,continents,,,,,partir,,de,,la,,Pange.,,

J.,,Ces,,,,plaques,,,,ont,,,,des,,,,mouvements,,,,relatifs,,,,diffrents,,,,,ce,,,,qui,,,,gnre,,,,diffrents,,,,types,,,,de,,,,limites,,,,entre,,,,elles:,,,,convergentes,,,,,divergentes,,,,ou,,,,transformantes.,,,,Pourtant,,,,,quelques,,,,mobilistes,,,,(tenants,,,,de,,,,la,,,,thorie,,,,mobiliste,,,,qui,,,,considre,,,,que,,,,d'importants,,,,mouvements,,,,horizontaux,,,,animent,,,,la,,,,Terre),,,,se,,,,sont,,,,exprims.,,,,H.,,,,Diffrentes,,,observations,,,permettent,,,de,,,vrifier,,,l'hypothse,,,de,,,l'expansion,,,ocanique.,,,La,,tectonique,,des,,plaques.,,Complment,,,,au,,,,modle,,,,du,,,,double,,,,tapis,,,,roulant[modifier,,,,,,,,modifier,,,,le,,,,code].,,,,Notes[modifier,,,,,,modifier,,,le,,,code].,,,Il,,y,,a,,1,,milliard,,d'annes,,,issu,,de,,cette,,recomposition,,,le,,supercontinent,,Rodinia,,se,,serait,,disloqu,,en,,huit,,continents.,,Cependant,,,plusieurs,,contraintes,,(distribution,,bimodale,,des,,altitudes[n,,2],,,quasi-constance,,de,,la,,gravit,,,,la,,surface,,du,,globe),,rendent,,ces,,modles,,fixistes,,inoprants[4].,,

Cela,,marquera,,le,,dbut,,d'un,,nouveau,,cycle,,de,,Wilson,,ainsi,,baptis,,en,,l'honneur,,de,,John,,Tuzo,,Wilson,,(1908-1993),,,gophysicien,,canadien,,,qui,,a,,,le,,premier,,,mis,,l'hypothse,,de,,ce,,rassemblement,,priodique,,des,,continents.,,La,,,,Laurasia,,,,se,,,,fragmente,,,,en,,,,Amrique,,,,du,,,,Nord,,,,et,,,,Groenland,,,,d'une,,,,part,,,,et,,,,Eurasie,,,,d'autre,,,,part,,,,,tandis,,,,que,,,,du,,,,Gondwana,,,,se,,,,dtache,,,,successivement,,,,la,,,,Nouvelle-Zlande,,,,,l'Inde,,,,,puis,,,,le,,,,bloc,,,,Australie-Nouvelle-Guine,,,,,avant,,,,que,,,,ce,,,,continent,,,,ne,,,,se,,,,partage,,,,entre,,,,Amrique,,,,du,,,,Sud,,,,,Afrique,,,,et,,,,Antarctique.,,,,Ces,,,mouvements,,,sont,,,trs,,,lents,,,(de,,,l'ordre,,,de,,,1,,,,,,13cm/an),,,et,,,favoriss,,,par,,,la,,,lubrification,,,par,,,leau,,,de,,,mer,,,et,,,les,,,sdiments,,,qui,,,rduisent,,,les,,,frottements,,,entre,,,les,,,plaques[22].,,,,,Alexander,,Braun,,et,,Gabriele,,Marquart,,,La,,naissance,,de,,l'Atlantique,,Nord,,,Pour,,la,,Science,,,no287,,,septembre,,2001,,,p.38),,,,Jean,,Gaudant,,,L'essor,,de,,la,,gologie,,franaise,,,Presses,,des,,MINES,,,2009,,,p.43,,,,Philippe,,de,,La,,Cotardire,,,Histoire,,des,,sciences,,de,,l'antiquit,,,,nos,,jours,,,Tallandier,,,2004,,,p.464,,,,(en),,Henry,,R.,,Si,,la,,crote,,ocanique,,de,,la,,plaque,,infrieure,,se,,prolonge,,par,,une,,crote,,continentale,,,l'entre,,de,,cette,,dernire,,dans,,la,,fosse,,ocanique,,conduira,,transitoirement,,,,une,,situation,,d'obduction:,,la,,crote,,ocanique,,suprieure,,passe,,au-dessus,,de,,la,,crote,,continentale,,infrieure.,,Quand,,,les,,,crotes,,,continentales,,,se,,,sont,,,suffisamment,,,spares,,,,la,,,zone,,,de,,,divergence,,,se,,,retrouve,,,en,,,milieu,,,ocanique,,,,et,,,spare,,,deux,,,surfaces,,,constitues,,,de,,,crote,,,ocanique.,,,&,,Parker,,,R.,,On,,admet,,,,prsent,,que,,les,,plaques,,tectoniques,,sont,,portes,,par,,les,,mouvements,,du,,manteau,,asthnosphrique,,sous-jacent,,,et,,subissent,,des,,interactions,,dont,,les,,trois,,types,,principaux,,sont,,la,,divergence,,,la,,convergence,,,et,,le,,coulissage.,,Les,,,mcanismes,,,et,,,la,,,morphologie,,,interne,,,de,,,la,,,Terre,,,sont,,,,,,cette,,,poque,,,encore,,,inconnus,,,pour,,,une,,,interprtation,,,plausible,,,de,,,la,,,drive.,,,

Plaque,,,,tectonique,,,,Tectonique,,,,Point,,,,chaud,,,,Volcan,,,,.,,,,La,,,,pertinence,,,,de,,,,cette,,,,section,,,,est,,,,remise,,,,en,,,,cause,,,,,considrez,,,,son,,,,contenu,,,,avec,,,,prcaution.,,,,Le,,,prochain,,,supercontinent?[modifier,,,,,,modifier,,,le,,,code].,,,Le,,,gologue,,,Frank,,,Bursley,,,Taylor,,,formule,,,en,,,1908,,,(date,,,de,,,sa,,,communication,,,,,,la,,,Socit,,,amricaine,,,de,,,gologie),,,et,,,en,,,1910,,,(date,,,de,,,sa,,,publication),,,l'hypothse,,,de,,,la,,,drive,,,continentale,,,,se,,,fondant,,,sur,,,le,,,fait,,,qu'on,,,retrouve,,,des,,,chanes,,,de,,,montagnes,,,sur,,,les,,,marges,,,continentales,,,opposes,,,aux,,,marges,,,atlantiques,,,,comme,,,par,,,exemples,,,les,,,Rocheuses,,,en,,,Amrique,,,du,,,Nord,,,et,,,les,,,Andes,,,en,,,Amrique,,,du,,,Sud.,,,Si,,,l'ouverture,,,augmente,,,de,,,deux,,,centimtres,,,en,,,moyenne,,,par,,,an,,,,il,,,s'agit,,,en,,,ralit,,,d'une,,,succession,,,d'ouvertures,,,brutales,,,de,,,segments,,,actifs,,,,,,,compter,,,en,,,mtres,,,sur,,,des,,,espaces,,,de,,,temps,,,de,,,l'ordre,,,de,,,100,,,ans.,,,De,,plus,,,les,,gologues,,considrent,,implicitement,,les,,fonds,,marins,,comme,,ayant,,une,,nature,,identique,,,,celle,,des,,continents[8].,,Le,,gophysicien,,Drummond,,Matthews(en),,et,,son,,tudiant,,Frederick,,Vine(en),,interprtent,,cette,,disposition,,surnomme,,peau,,de,,zbre,,comme,,la,,confirmation,,de,,l'hypothse,,d'Hess:,,l'accrtion,,de,,matriau,,mantellique,,au,,niveau,,des,,rifts,,et,,la,,drive,,de,,la,,crote,,ocanique,,porte,,par,,le,,manteau,,sous-jacent,,qui,,agit,,comme,,un,,tapis,,roulant,,de,,part,,et,,d'autre,,du,,rift,,,sont,,,,l'origine,,de,,cette,,disposition,,caractristique[11].,,La,,,lithosphre,,,,zone,,,rigide,,,externe,,,de,,,la,,,Terre,,,interne,,,,constitue,,,de,,,la,,,crote,,,et,,,d'une,,,partie,,,du,,,manteau,,,suprieur,,,,est,,,subdivise,,,en,,,plaques,,,,dites,,,tectoniques,,,ou,,,lithosphriques.,,, e913ce18fc

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